Are Electro-Acoustics and the Vernacular the Largets Developments in 20th Century Music Essay Example

Are Electro-Acoustics and the Vernacular the Largets Developments in 20th Century Music? Essay EAMMON MSETFI Contextual studies (MU314) Convenor: Tim Howle Essay 1 Denis Smalley has suggested that the two most important musical developments in the 20th Century are the domains of the electro-acoustic and the vernacular. To what extent is his assumption correct? This piece will demonstrate an understanding of the developments in 20th century music, with a detailed view on the path and expansion of electro-acoustic technology and of the vernacular. This will also be highlighting the theoretical ideas that made these large developments possible and the technological innovations that created the foundations for both these areas. Total serialism After composers, Wagner and Brahms, who stretched the boundaries of tonality to breaking point (Wagner notably in, Tristan Isolde, 1857), composers wanted to experiment with new ideas. Schoenberg was the first composer to approach composition with a completely new approach, not with typical tonality but with a ‘serial method’; this was later known as ‘12 tone’ music (all 12 tones of the chromatic scale are arranged in a fixed sequence know as a ‘tone row’, all 12 tones must be used in order for the piece to progress). Webern was soon to follow Schoenberg and became a pupil of his; he soon adopted his 12-tone method and found his own individuality within the domain. For Webern this meant a focused contrapuntal style in which every element formed complex connections, with every tone having an equal importance. Although Schoenberg consciously created the method, his connection with the tonal world was never cut. On the contrary, Webern gazed openly into the future. Early Webern pieces (prior 12-tone) it is clearly apparent the influence of Schoenberg, notably Op10 (1911-1913), where he xploited his mentors use of klangfarbenmelodie (tone-colour melody), which involved splitting a melody between multiple instruments, rather than allocating it to just one instrument, as a result, adding colour (timbre) and texture to the melodic line; the use of this method can also be seen in, Five piece string quartet (1909), The four pieces for violin piano (1910) and The six bagatelles for string quartet (1911-191 3). Schoenberg created ‘12 tone’ to control pitch, Webern extended the method to determine, dynamics, tone colour and rhythm; this was later entitled ‘total serialism’. We will write a custom essay sample on Are Electro-Acoustics and the Vernacular the Largets Developments in 20th Century Music? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Are Electro-Acoustics and the Vernacular the Largets Developments in 20th Century Music? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Are Electro-Acoustics and the Vernacular the Largets Developments in 20th Century Music? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As an alternative of using notes to generate a melody, he used them to create a colour. Webern’s melodic lines are atomized into two or three note fragments which are presented in frequently changing tone colour and register, this idea is used in modern vernacular music, many modern jazz musicians use his ideas on tone colouration as well as many electronic composers to this day. The mathematical similarities in Webern’s ‘total serialism’ helped the progression of electronic music and synthesized music. Many of Webern’s followers tried to extend the idea of ‘tone colour’ and the 12-tone technique to electronic music, notably Stockhausen who was greatly influenced by Webern’s serial technique. How Stockhausen’s influenced an electronic generation. Stockhausen began studying under Messaian with the influence of serialism, early pieces the influence can be seen from both, his mentor and Webern, notably in Kreuzspiel (1951), and Spiel (1952); the opening of Klavierstucke (1952) also began with firm serial principles. Stockhausen’s progression into electronic music began with his examination of acoustical sound, always committed to reconstructing sound synthetically by means of electro-acoustic equipment. Schaeffer allowed Stockhausen to work within the music concrete group in Paris, where he mainly recorded acoustical sounds then analysed them. After this analysis he discovered the relations of vibrations within sound, this innovation lead him to the idea of synthesized sound. After working with Schaefer his idea was not to emulate acoustic sound, but to realize the new potential of synthetic production, as a result, a completely new array of timbres can be constructed; this was not conceivable with traditional acoustic instruments. Herbert Eimert stated in his classification of notes, â€Å"the pure tone (sine-wave tone), free of overtones, which never appears in traditional music (or nature). It issues from the electronic production of sound. The sinusoidal tone system must therefore simply be a system of virtual relationship, from which a composer can create structures in the form of series, relationships, rows and other forms of organization† (P. 122 Karl H. Worner, 1973). Stockhausen’s first electronic compositions, Studie 1 (1953) being the first piece to be composed primarily with sinusoidal waves, utilizing an sine-wave generator he was able to construct complex timbres in mathematical series (the influence of integral serialism can be seen most here). This early experiment of what we now know as, additive synthesis was extremely influential to electronic and synthesized music. Studie 2 (1954) was very similar but the spectra of pure tones were radiated into a resonance chamber and re-recorded. The original sine waves were distorted to generate a similarity to noise occurrences. The piece Gesang der junglinge (1955) was the first piece to combine music concrete with electronic music. Stockhausen practised in this what we now would consider, subtractive synthesis. With the use of noise generators a full frequency spectrum can be achieved, for example white noise. The frequency bands can be filtered to produce a single band of frequency or even a single note, if precisely done. Stockhausen demanded that â€Å"electronic music should really be electronic music; its character is not to be found in imitating what already exists, but in lending itself to the discovery of completely new processes and facilitating their technical realization, so that with them can be achieved a synthesis of utterly new and unknown timbres† (P. 30 Karl H. Worner 1973). Stockhausen was a critic of popular music and its dependence on repetition, which he thought, was very predictably, although his work became very influential for popular musicians. His technique was most influential on popular musicians; he was amongst the first to implicate sampling and synthesized sound to compositions, the influence can be seen in Pop, rock and jazz in the 1960s notably on the Beatles Sgt Peppers (1967) album where an extensive use of magnetic tape sampling and tape delays were used. Many popular musicians have credited Stockhausen, his use of sampling and synthesized sound inspired a generation of popular music, where his techniques have developed. How Post-war recording technologies gave birth to electro-acoustic technology and popular music During the war, a mass demand for technology was created, Eric Hobsbawm describes this period as a â€Å"technological earthquake† (P. 41 Timothy D. Taylor, 2001); this necessity for communications technology was vital for the war effort. Throughout this period the Germans created Magnetic tape to send coded messages, as well as to record radio broadcasts (this was later used extensively in early electro-acoustic compositions). After the Americans seized the magnetic tape technology, it was developed with higher fidelity to be used in film and radio. Reproduction technologies had an impact on the evolution of electro-acoustic equipment. Schaeffer’s piece Etude aux Chemins (1948) was one of the first electronic compositions of the 20th century, which became very influential to modern day sampling. Corporations responsible for the creation of musical instruments in early 20th century had â€Å"no vocation for economic suicide† (p. 7 Simon Emmerson, 1986), this led to them only adjusting existing instruments, therefore it was not viable for the creation of new inventions; it was not in their best interests. â€Å"Our civilization sees itself too smugly in the mirror of history; it is no longer creating the needs which would make renewal an economic necessity† (P. 7 Simon Emmerson, 1986). h The first half of the 20 century saw considerable progression within the domains of sound reproduction tools and the sizeable escalation of the recording industries; this developed electronic technology and in turn, developed new styles of vernacular music. This technological innovation laid the foundations for new vernacular music such genres as rock, hip-hop, etc. Due to this development, where the existence relied on electronics to produce the sound, musicians started to embra ce technology. This combination of science and music started to form a complex connection. Prior to first commercially available synthesizer, created by Robert moog, much electronic works were very much based in academia and research facilities (due to sheer size and cost), this soon lead to a shift in musical culture. The synthesizer produced sound by â€Å"vibrating objects that are positioned close to one or more electrical coils, in between a light source and a photoelectric cell or in direct contact with a piezoelectric crystal† (P. 47 Hans-Joachim Braun, 2002); this creation gave composers endless opportunities from complex timbres to the imitation of acoustical instruments. It spread from being a specialist’s use to common use in many new style of music (as can be soon today with the thousands of bedroom studies, etc. ), this was due to the drop in price of the transistor in the 1960s. This revolutionized music, many popular musicians soon adopted the creation of the synthesizer, there generally wasn’t a ‘pop’ composition that didn’t contain some sort of electronic synthesizer in the 1980s; the Moog’s use can be seen in the production of Diana Ross and the rolling stones. It is my personal feeling that recording technology was one of the largest developments of the 20th century; it provided the foundation for electro-acoustic technology, this new found knowledge also allowed the spread of diverse cultures to different places in the world and created new vernacular music. The development of popular music Some popular music was designed to appeal to a mass market, and a number of them were supposed to be very catchy and memorable. With the advent of recording technologies and radio of early 20th century, music could be shared with the masses, and all economic backgrounds. In 1948 the first mass produced electric guitar was released. With the advent of the electric guitar came the creation rock and roll, (which heavily relied upon an electrical source) a mixture of rhythm and blues this new music hit the market, appealing to a mass audience; â€Å"To produce sound, an electric guitar senses the vibrations of the strings electronically and routes an electronic signal to an amplifier and speaker. The sensing occurs in a magnetic pickup mounted under the strings on the guitars body† (P1 Marshall Brain ). This new development gave musicians more flexibility to affect the timbre of the instrument, with such electro-acoustic modules such as fuzz wah pedals and reverb. This change allowed musicians to have more control over their sound and how it was modulated, and consequently revolutionized music. The development of electronic equipment had great effect on music, the invention of these instruments developed a new popular market; it created a non-classical vernacular music which was aimed not at just a select demographic but a widespread audience. 950s saw the creation of the first ever ‘pop’ music charts; this saw Elvis become one of the first popular global sensations. The 1960s saw the Beatles became global, heavily influenced by such electro-acoustic composers as Stockhausen, set a popular music standard of writing their own lyrics and songs. Before the Beatles many pop artists were manufactured as a face instead of raw talent, (this is now becoming more apparent in 21s t century music). The creation of transistor radios helped expand popular music, an individual now could listen to the radio and their favourite songs anywhere. With the arrival of samplers a new style of popular music was created, hip-hop was the first genre to be made with the skill of sampling, using prior popular music styles such as jazz and funk as influence, this technique was created by Stockhausen and Schaefer but with the advent of the sampler, was developed to be used in the common home. The advent of Music channels such as MTV had great influence on the promotion of popular music, giving the artist great visual appeal to the demographic. Popular music takes many influences from several genres, jazz, gospel, classical etc. ut the technological growth excelled the development of what we now as mainstream music. Conclusion To conclude, Webern’s method of total serialism had great impact on the development of electro-acoustic equipment; his ideas of tone coloration were used in the development of electronic and synthesized music, which in turn developed new vernacular music. Stockhausen with the inspiration of total serialism, influenced a whole new generation of electronic music, his use of synthesized sounds and early forms of additive and subtractive synthesis shaped the electronic music era. All of the technological and theoretical innovations in the 20th century music helped develop electro-acoustics and vernacular, without these advances the development of the two would not have existed. It is my thought that both these are the two largest developments in 20th century music but credit should also be given to the areas, which made these changes possible. Bibliography Arnold Whittall (2003). Exploring Twentieth-Century Music. New York: Cambridge University press. 21-26. Ben Kettlewell (2001). Electronic Music Pioneers. Vallejo: Course Technology Inc. 54-57, 77-93. Ethan Haimo (2009). Schoenberg’s Transformation of Musical Language. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1-8. Hans-Joachim Braun (2002). Music and Technology in the Twentieth Century. 2nd ed. United States of America: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 47-55. Joan Peyser (1993). Twentieth Century Music The sense behind the sound. New York: Pro Am Music Resources. 21-34, 63-71. Karl H. Worner (1973). Stockhausen life and work. London: Faber and Faber Limited. 118-154. Paul Griffiths (1981). Modern Music The avant garde since 1945. London: J. M. Dent Sons Ltd. 13-31, 34-51. 6 Simon Emmerson (2000). Music Electronic Media and culture. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing limited. 36-50, 70-80. Simon Emmerson (1986). The Language of Electroacoustic music. London: The Macmillan Press LTD. 1-30, 61-70. Timothy D. Taylor (2010). Strange Sounds. New York: Routledge. 1-78. David Paul. (1997). Karlheinz Stockhausen. Available: http://www. stockhausen. org/stockhausen%20_by_david_paul. html. Last accessed 1st Nov 2012. Gregory McNamee. 2008). 1948 and the Birth of Rock and Roll Music. Available: http://www. britannica. com/blogs/2008/01/1948-and-the-birth-of-rock-and-rollmusic/. Last accessed 1st Dec 2012. Greg R. (2007). Pop Music Origins/Development?. Available: http://answers. yahoo. com/question/index? qid=20080703134820AA4fsJU. Last accessed 4th Dec 2012. Jeff Harder. (/). How synthesizers work. Available: http://electronics. howstuffworks. com/gadgets/audio-music/synthesizer. htm . Last accessed 4th Dec 2012. Mike Krzyzaniak. (/). Stockhausens Studies I and II. Available: http://michaelkrzyzaniak. com/Research/Stockhausen_Studie_II/. Last accessed 4th Dec 2012. Marshall Brain. (/). How Electric Guitars Work. Available: http://entertainment. howstuffworks. com/electric-guitar1. htm. Last accessed 4th Dec 2012. Michael Manion. (/). FROM TAPE LOOPS TO MIDI: KARLHEINZ STOCKHAUSEN’S FORTY YEARS OF ELECTRONIC MUSIC. Available: http://www. stockhausen. org/tape_loops. html. Last accessed 4th Dec 2012. Shine music school. (/). The History of Pop Music. Available: http://www. shinemusic. com. u/musicresources/history-of-pop-music. aspx. Last accessed 1st Dec 2012. Synthhead. (2010). Karlheinz Stockhausen’s Electronic Music Tips (For Aphex Twin, Plastikman Others). Available: http://www. synthtopia. com/content/2010/10/15/karlheinz-stockhausenselectronic-music-tips-for-aphex-twin-plastikman-others/. Last accessed 15th Nov 2012. 7 Denis Smalley has suggested that the two most important musical developments in the 20th Century are the do mains of the electro-acoustic and the vernacular. To what extent is his assumption correct? Tom Gersic. (/). Early Electronic Music. Available: http://www. gersic. com/writing. php? id=3. Last accessed 1st Nov 2012. Tim Whitelaw. (2003). Karlheinz Stockhausen Electronic music pioneer. Available: http://www. soundonsound. com/sos/mar08/articles/stockhausen. htm. Last accessed 4th Dec 2012. Wikipedia. (5th Dec 2012). Moog synthesizer. Available: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Moog_synthesizer. Last accessed 6th Dec 2012. Wikipedia. (12th Dec 2012). Pop music. Available: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pop_music. Last accessed 5th Nov 2012. 8 9

Free Essays on Recruitment Practice At Hoke County Schools

Hoke County School District is located in a rural area in North Carolina. The district consists in 11 schools. The relatively small district has problems recruiting teachers since other neighbor districts have better location and offer good benefits. The recruitment practice of this district is very successful. The Human Resources Department is working closely with the local administrators to recruit and retain teachers in the area. On this paper, I will discus the recruitment practice of the district, which consists in a combination of incentives for the newly hired professionals. Some of the incentives are signing bonus, reduce mortgage rates and daycare facilities. Moreover, the district holds a job fair once a year to recruit teachers. The job fair is held in April. The participants are very competitive and many principals take advantage of the job fair to sign contracts and fill as many positions as they can for the new school year. Job fair The principals and assistant principals gather a group of teachers from each school to work with them at the annual job fair. Veteran teachers serve as advisors for the administrators while evaluating applications. The principals interview prospective applicants at the site in the event that a highly qualified professional is looking for a position. This is done to avoid that any neighbor district hire the applicant. The goal of the Human Resources Department is to hire certified teachers. The NCLB policy enforces this practice. In previous years, the goal was to have teachers in the classrooms, and they employed Lateral Entry teachers to fill those positions. Today, they are putting effort to recruit fully certified teachers to meet the federal requirements. Incentives Hoke County has in place different incentives to attract teachers and to retain those that are already employed. The first one is signing bonuses, offered to highly qualified and fully certified teachers only. The ... Free Essays on Recruitment Practice At Hoke County Schools Free Essays on Recruitment Practice At Hoke County Schools Hoke County School District is located in a rural area in North Carolina. The district consists in 11 schools. The relatively small district has problems recruiting teachers since other neighbor districts have better location and offer good benefits. The recruitment practice of this district is very successful. The Human Resources Department is working closely with the local administrators to recruit and retain teachers in the area. On this paper, I will discus the recruitment practice of the district, which consists in a combination of incentives for the newly hired professionals. Some of the incentives are signing bonus, reduce mortgage rates and daycare facilities. Moreover, the district holds a job fair once a year to recruit teachers. The job fair is held in April. The participants are very competitive and many principals take advantage of the job fair to sign contracts and fill as many positions as they can for the new school year. Job fair The principals and assistant principals gather a group of teachers from each school to work with them at the annual job fair. Veteran teachers serve as advisors for the administrators while evaluating applications. The principals interview prospective applicants at the site in the event that a highly qualified professional is looking for a position. This is done to avoid that any neighbor district hire the applicant. The goal of the Human Resources Department is to hire certified teachers. The NCLB policy enforces this practice. In previous years, the goal was to have teachers in the classrooms, and they employed Lateral Entry teachers to fill those positions. Today, they are putting effort to recruit fully certified teachers to meet the federal requirements. Incentives Hoke County has in place different incentives to attract teachers and to retain those that are already employed. The first one is signing bonuses, offered to highly qualified and fully certified teachers only. The ...

Introduction to Accounting - AAS1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to Accounting - AAS1 - Essay Example There is a significant relationship exist between revenue and expense. The company incurs expenses to generate revenue so, the matching principle states that all the expenses that were incurred in a period to generate revenue should be subtracted from the revenue of the same period for the purpose of computation of the net income (Nikolai, et al., 2010). Going Concern Concept Going concern is also a key concept accounting that assumes that the company will continue its operation for a foreseeable future. This important assumption is made because the amount of time, the company will continue its business cannot be predicted (Carl, 2011). IAS 1 states that if the company has serious threats to going concern they must be adequately disclosed in the financial statements and if the management concludes that the entity is not going concern the financial statements should not be prepared on going concern assumption. Business Rates In the previous year the company paid total amount of ?9,600 on account of business rates, in the two equal installments of ?4,800 each. Now if the rates for the bills are higher by 5% in the current year, the total amount of the bill will be ?10,080 (9,600*1.05) making it ?5,040 each installment. First installment has already been paid and the second installment is due in December 2012. The business is liable to pay this amount, so it should be recorded as current liability in the balance sheet and an equal amount of expense shall be recorded in the income statement according to the matching principle. Following journal entry will be required to record this transaction on accrual basis; Description Debit Credit Profit & Loss Account 5,040 Rates payable 5,040 Credit Sales If the credit sales are made, the transaction will be recorded on accrual. The business is entitled to record the sales even if the payment will be relieved next year. In case of credit sale following entry is required. Description Debit Credit Account Receivable XXX Revenu e XXX If 120 days credit is allowed there are certain chances that the business will be able to obtain more revenue. However, this is not good for the business to have that extended credit limits. In this situation it is reasonable to offer discounts to the customers to encourage them to make early payments. With this discount policy the company will be able to generate more business as well as there are chances of quick recovery from the customers. Stock Valuation Stock is one of the most valuable assets of the business. Its value is determined with the guidelines provided by IAS 2 Inventories, which prescribes that the inventories should be measures at lower of cost or net realizable value (NRV) (IASB, 2011). In this case the original value of the stock was ?25,000 and due to the flood there was a major damage to it. Now the company believes that it will be able to obtain only ?8,000 from the same stock items. The value of the inventory should be reduced to ?8,000 and a loss of ?1 7,000 should be charged to profit and loss account. Following journal entry shall record the effect of this incident; Description Debit Credit Profit & Loss Account 17,000 Inventories 17,000 Depreciation Depreciation is a method of allocating cost of the tangible long term asset over its useful life. IAS 16 Property, Plant & Equipments requires that every asset should be depreciated over its useful life, so depreciating every asset is essential in order to meet the requirement of the international accounting standards. IAS 16

Do We Live in a World of Media Infotainment And Melodramatic Reportage Essay

Do We Live in a World of Media Infotainment And Melodramatic Reportage - Essay Example It is in the context of this process that infotainment has been expanded in countries worldwide. The above process is related to the limitation of national media cultures and the establishment of media rules and ethics that are common in all countries – at least those being affected by the particular media system. In other words, infotainment reflects the trend for the promotion of a global media culture (Thussu 2007, p.68). Melodramatic reportage has been another aspect of the above trend, supporting – like infotainment – the promotion of common media ethics and rules for all countries worldwide. In order to understand the level at which media infotainment is currently developed worldwide, it would be necessary to refer primarily to the characteristics and the content of the particular term, i.e. to show the activities and ideas that the above term incorporates. In accordance with Kellner (2003) ‘infotainment discloses a synergy between information technol ogies and multimedia which combine entertainment and information’ (Kellner 2003, p.14). In other words, infotainment incorporates two different media roles, the provision of information and the entertainment. The combination of these roles can lead to a dynamic media concept, being able to attract the interest of people of different ages and social classes. Various explanations have been given in the literature regarding the expansion of infotainment. In accordance with Lange (1999) the increase of competition in media has led to the alteration of the content and the structure of news programmes; instead of focusing on political news, media emphasizes on ‘human interest stories’ (Lange 1999, p.27). It is... This essay approves that the role of infotainment in the above case has been clear: attracting the attention of the British people away from the government’s decisions, gathering funds for supporting various public activities and improving the relationship between the British public and the monarchy. The above fact shows that infotainment can have different aspects, influencing the views of the public on various political and social activities. The specific role of infotainment has been made clearer in the case of celebrities’ crimes. In such cases, infotainment has three distinctive roles: to provide information on the crime committed, to prevent public from developing similar behavior and to entertain – at the level that the crime committed is used as a chance for focusing on the private life of the celebrity involved – for example the case of Lindsay Lohan, as analyzed below. This phenomenon is more intense in developed countries – where the fund s invested on media advertising are quite high. This report makes a conclusion that the expansion of media infotainment and melodramatic reportage in most countries internationally cannot be doubted. In fact, the review of two specific news texts – related to media infotainment – proved that the approach used by journalists when presenting a particular story is highly differentiated compared to the past. Of course, the role of the media infotainment in the increase of publicity of a particular event cannot be doubted.

Evaluate the renewable energy sector in the Netherlands, using Essay

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Managing Change in the Workplace

Managing Change in the Workplace Managing Change in the Workplace â€Å"Managing and changing organisations appears to be getting more rather than less difficult and more rather than less important† Burnes [1996] Critically evaluate and debate this statement, highlighting the potential challenges organisations face in managing change effectively Over the last 20 years new products, processes and services have appeared at an increasing rate. Local markets have become global markets due to the advance of technology (the internet) and protected or semi- protected markets have been opened to competition. Monopolies have been transferred to the private sector (e.g. British rail, BT, utility companies) or they have adopted more market-orientated practices. To keep abreast of competition organisations are restructuring, introducing new products and services, changing information systems and introducing new work practices. Organisations that fail to change cannot survive in the competition and will fail to make a profit. (Burnes, 2004) The aim of managing change in organisations is to guide the people in the change process so they can adapt, change behaviour and cope with the new change that is happening in the organisation. Sometimes people in the organisation find it difficult to cope with change as the old responsibilities, roles and behaviour and attitudes are not easily forgotten. In organisations people are the most important asset in the business if people cannot change, processes and systems cannot change. Careful strategic planning must take place involving the people so they can understand what is needed to change as the behaviours, personality, values and all work for and against organisational change (Blake Bush, 2009) According to (Blake Bush, 2009 p3) â€Å"Change management is the process, tools and techniques to manage the people side of business change to achieve the most successful business outcome† Organisations are constantly assessing their efficiency and performance therefore managing change is important. Persuading stakeholders to change can be difficult yet if it is successful organisations can survive and thrive to gain a competitive advantage. According to (Blake and Bush, 2009) organisations have to meet four conditions to convince their employees, these are:- 1. Give an insight to why their organisation wants to change and how it will benefit them and make then agree 2. Make sure structure, processes and reward systems must be put in place to support change 3. Employees obtain the right skills for the new change 4. Ensure employees update their roles and responsibility and model them to the new change. The need for change can be difficult, costly and sometimes disappointing. Expensive new information systems, policies and organisational structure attract most attention but organisations forget their talent workforce and how they are affected by change. Sometimes it is a difficult process depending on how old or new, large or small the organisation is. (Buchanan Huczynski, 2004) The need for change is initiated by two categories, internal factors and external factors within the macro and micro environment. External triggers for change can include: * Economic fluctuations This may develop or hinder the development of new products or processes. For example, in times of recession customers may not have money to spend on ‘luxury items and will concentrate on basic everyday essential items. New products will not come into the market due to lack of funds. * Social For example, the size, age and sex distribution of the population can affect the demand for a product. An ageing population will make organisations target products / services to suit them to increase sales and market share. * The development of new technology has made it possible to develop a whole range of new products. * Changes in customer requirements and tastes require organisations to cater for their needs. * Competitors are continually developing new products * The EU has opened new markets in new countries * Global trading via the internet increases pressure for organisations to change its design and become globalised but in order for the organisation to do so it must transform their processes, systems and cultures to become internationally known. * Changes in social and cultural values Internal triggers for change can include: * High absenteeism and staff turnover * Inadequate skill or training * New design of product /service (Buchanan Huczynski, 2004) Generally, a high proportion of change efforts end in failure (Beer and Nohria,2000; Burnes, 2003; Huczynski and Buchanan, 2001). Change projects fail because not enough planning or thought has taken place to achieve the desired objectives. Sometimes change takes place not for the interest of the organisation but for personal or sectional interests. (Burnes, 2004) The value of the HR function is very important when an organisation is going through the process of change. A lot of companies are giving more responsibility to senior and line managers. Senior managers and the HR function can work together to ensure that the business can change to meet the needs of customers, build good relationships with its stakeholders and ensure employee talent is retained and developed in changing situations. (Hennessy McCartney, 2008) HR can also help ensure that organisational culture is open to change by ensuring change agents handle sensitive emotions and the correct management policies are in place. For example the right people are recruited, trained or developed and the appropriate pay and reward policies are in place to keep staff motivated. HR also ensures that change is gradual across the whole of the organisation. HR change agents should find out whether part of the change is supported or resisted. It also gives people a chance to discuss and sort out their concerns with the â€Å"change agents† and to feel satisfied with the change. Communication is important such as face to face and team briefings are beneficial in the change process (Armstrong, 2006) However, there will always be some resistance to change. â€Å"People resist change because it is seen as a threat to familiar patterns of behaviour as well as to status and financial rewards.† (Armstrong. 2006, p345). The main reasons of resisting change are as follows: * Change to established routines, methods of working or conditions of employment will be seen as a threat to job security and loss of potential earnings such as overtime etc. * The workforce may view management as having ulterior motives to introduce change making the organisation ready for merger or takeover. * Change can be worrying for the workforce as there is a lot of uncertainty about the impact of the change. * In some organisations change can cause inconvenience to the workforce. For example any changes in starting and finishing work shifts may require new arrangements for child minding etc. * Loss of a parking space or office may be viewed as a loss of status or importance in the organisation and therefore cause resistance to change * Disruption to customary social relationships and standards of the group will be resisted as this will be seen as a threat to interpersonal relationships. * Learning new skills and coping with new demands may raise concern for some of the workforce as they will not be certain if they can cope with the new change. (Armstrong, 2006) Process of change According to Jain, 2005 the following steps are considered in the change process and these are: * Develop new goals or objectives to replace goals or objectives having a negative impact. * A manager must be appointed to overlook the change and control the resistance * Diagnose the problem gather issues surrounding the problem where the change is needed. * Methodology Use a methodology for change so that everyone can agree too and to try and avoid any resistance. All members emotions should be considered when drawing up the methodology * Develop plan/strategies on what changes need to be done * Strategy for implementing the plan correct timing and communication channels need to be done. Members should be briefed up on the changes using one to one meetings as often as possible. * Allow for natural resistance problems to be sorted during the change process. (Jain, 2005) For change to take place successfully the main objective is to change peoples behaviour and attitudes and improve the ability for the organisation to cope with changes to the environment. Nadler and Tushman (1980) cited in (Armstrong, 2006) suggested some guidelines on how change should be implemented. Motivate individuals to achieve change by: * Communicating a clear image of the future * All concerned to support the change rather than block it * Stable structures and processes will help change and reduce uncertainty and instability. Another model of change was invented by Kurt Lewin which was an effective process for achieving behavioural changes in groups. Lewins model involves a three stage process:- 1. Unfreezing the status quo -looking at old processes and what change needs to be done 2. Changing- Bring about the change by reorganising the resources 3. Refreezing Embedding the new changes of working (Mullins, 2002) According to Burnes, 1996 cited in the (Langer, J et al, 2005) claims that the problem with Lewins assumption is that the stability of the external environment is always changing therefore the three stage changing process is not quite straightforward and is only gradual and continuous not revolutionary. (Langer, J et al, 2005) Beers â€Å"6 steps model† looks at the complexity of change and how an organisation deals with responses to the effectiveness of change. Beers model concentrates on â€Å"task alignment† (employees roles, responsibility and relationships) as the key to alter new ways of thinking, attitudes and behaviour. Beers uses this model as a way of changing peoples behaviour and attitudes with their roles and responsibility in order to adapt to change. The 6 steps are:- Stage 1- Act and commit to change through diagnoses Stage 2- Develop the organisations shared vision Stage 3- learn the roles and responsibilities to the shared vision Stage 4- Spread the word about change Stage 5- Make the change institutionalised through policies. Stage 6 Monitor and adjust as needed (Blake Bush, 2009) There are many models of change but different organisations will need to choose a model that best suits their culture and values. A simple model would be to investigate changes that are needed and look at individual responses to change. * Plan the change * Implement the change * Manage the people side of change * Manage the organisational side of change The world is changing rapidly to keep up with global competition, technological innovation; de- regulation, privatisation of public sector organisations and much more managers face complex and challenging pressures and opportunities. Changing organisations is a complex process with more opportunity for failure than success. Good managers and leaders are important to an organisation as they can create the conditions for growth and prosperity. Managers should gather and be more open to a wide variety of information. Any decision to implement change should be to the benefit for all concerned and not just for themselves. Organisations must ensure the efficient use of resources and offer the right products and services, to use the appropriate technologies as well as recruit and retain people with the best skills. (Carnal, 2009) The organisation also needs to have strategies, accountabilities, information systems and resources to improve or sustain performance against the organisations objectives. The efficient organisation focuses on internal efficiency and control. Maintaining internal systems includes activities such as performance appraisal, training, development and reward system. The ability to attract and retain high quality staff at all level is a useful indicator of effectiveness. The effective organisation adapts to the external environment and includes marketing, public and community relations. For change to be successful an organisation need to be customer focused. More interfacing skills, negotiation skill and networking skills will also be needed when a change is needed (Carnal, 2009) References Armstrong M., (2006) A handbook of Human Resource Management practice. 10th ed., Kogen Page: Philadelpia. Blake, I Bush, C (2009). Project Managing Change: Practical Tools and Techniques to Make Change Happen. Harlow: Prentice Hall. Buchanan, D. Huczynski, A. (2004) Organisational Behaviour: An introductory text, 5th ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall Financial Times. Carnal, C (2007) Managing change in Organizations. 5th ed., Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall Hennessy, J., McCartney, C. (2008). The value of HR in times of change. Strategic HR Review. 7 (6), 16-22. Langer, J., Alfirevic, N., Pavicic, J. (2005). Organizational change in transition societies. Hampshire: Ashgate publishing limited. N.K Jain (2005). Organisational Behaviour. Dehli: Atlantic. Mullins, L.J. (2002) Management and organisational behaviour. 6th ed., Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Bibliography Ashton, C., Morton, L. (2005). Managing talent for a competitive advantage. Strategic HR Review. 4 (5), 28-31. Burnes, B., Coram, R. (2001). Managing organisational change in the public sector.. The International Journal of Public Sector Management . 14 (2), 94-110. Butel, L., Curtis, T., Mclntyre, J., Pearce, J., Rainbow, S., Smith, D., Swales, C,. (1998) Business Functions An Active Learning Approach. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Gill, A. (2009). Employee engagement in a change environment. Strategic HR Review. 8 (2), 19-24. Hall, D., Jones, R. Raffo, C. (1995) Business Studies. Lancashire: Causeway Press ltd. Johnson, G., Scholes, K. Whittington, R. (2005) Exploring corporate strategy. 7th ed., Harlow: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Leahy, L., Chamberlain, N. (2008). Surviving change. Strategic HR Review. 7 (6), 23-29. Lynch, R. (2000) Corporate strategy. 2nd ed., Harlow: Financial Times/Prentice Hall pp452 Tansley, C., Turner, P., Foster, C., Harris, L., Sempik, A., Stewart, J., Williams, H (2007). Talent: Strategy, Management, Measurement Research into practice. London: Charted Institute of Personnel and Development . Trompenaars, F., Woolliams, P. (2003). A new framework for managing change across cultures. Journal of Change Management . 3 (4), 361-375.

Astronomers Wife †Just a Simple Complex Tale :: Astronomers Wife Essays

Astronomers Wife – Just a Simple Complex Tale  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kay Boyle's literary piece titled "Astronomers Wife", is a mental exercise. Every word and every line has an important meaning to it. Interpretation is a critical skill in understanding everything Boyle's story has to offer. Although this piece has a lot of sophistication to it, the story line is rather simple. The time period is the early 1900's and the story is regarding a rather young husband and a wife, in there late twenties to mid thirties. The couple lives out on the country side of the United States where houses are far from one another and the land is scenically beautiful. Although their surroundings are beautiful, the couples marriage is not. There is no love expressed between the two. Mrs. Ames goes about her daily routine, day in and day out. Mr. Ames is an astronomy professor who has more love for his profession than for his wife. The professor is a quiet man who uses his wife as somebody to cook his food, clean his clothes, and take care of the house. Mrs. Ames, a young woman in her late twenties, is living the life of sixty year old lady. Her days have no excitement in them what so ever. She isn't able to experience the stimulating life there is to live at her age. The couple does have a young woman servant who is there to help, which shows the two are doing fine financially. One night Mrs. Ames heard the sound of water in the hallway outside the bedroom. The next morning she got up bright and early to deal with the problem of the overflowing toilet by contacting a plumber. The plumber comes to the house and the young servant girl answers the door. She calls up to Mrs. Ames and tells her the man is here. Mrs. Ames gets up, puts on her white and scarlet smock, and in a whispering voice, as not to wake her husband, tells the man to come up the stairs. He does so politely, and right away, gets to his job of soaking up the large puddle in the middle of the upstairs hallway. The plumber is respectful and has manors, something Mrs. Ames notices considerably that is missing from her husband. After staring at the toilet for a few minutes, the plumber tells Mrs. Ames

Curriculum for Teaching Social Skills

Teaching social skills to young children is a difficult task under any circumstance however when the children are suffering from emotional or behavioral problems it seems to interfere with this process and make it much more difficult. There are several known answers through curriculum that can help educators to be able to work on social skills with students who are facing either emotional or behavioral problems or both. Through the use of these curriculums there can be great benefits to both the students and the teachers.The teachers will benefit in being able to work on social situations with the students in their classrooms and in being able to communicate the strong need for social interaction in life. The students will benefit by being able to work on building friendships, trusting others and really finding a way to communicate how they are able to do these things. Curriculum Options for Teachers One of the problems that have often faced teachers who are working with children who have emotional or behavioral problems is that they are unable to communicate their social needs to the teacher.These students have a hard time being able to express their need for friendship, the need to describe feelings or the ability to be able to communicate any of this to others. Through information that has been gathered by researchers it has been concluded that these students need direct intervention into their ability to socialize with others. There have been multiple suggestions as to how this can happen and what would be a good way of introducing social skills to these students. There are many different methods and ways that this can be done.One way that has been shown to be successful is one on one interaction with the students and role play into specific situations. Obviously the situations have to be mild and can not be too involved or too intense but rather something that is on the same thinking level as the students involved (Vaughn, Sinagub, and Kim 2004). Success f or the students who were experiencing these emotional and behavioral problems has drastically depended on the type of curriculum that was used to introduce and teach social skills.One study looked at story problems as a way to teach these skills to students who were suffering from emotional problems and this study showed a drastic improvement in these students having the ability to communicate with each other. The students were better able to understand through the story the idea of how one might feel or how reactions of theirs can be harmful to others. However, the students were unable to comprehend these same ideas and beliefs when they were just discussing them and not hearing them in a story (Rahill and Teglasi 2003).There could be many conclusions drawn from these examples and this type of curriculum. The idea is that the students have the ability to understand and comprehend what is being said about things and how they are interacting with others. When the student is not force d to look at the whole picture and is used to just getting glimpses they are unable to realize the overall impact of issues, however when they are exposed to the entire story or belief then they are able to understand the entire story and can reason as to why the others are feeling the way that they are.Without this ability to reason the student would be unable to successfully communicate with others and could not be thought of in the same social light and category as if they were able to understand these issues. Another great option for teachers to use in the classroom to teach social skills is to be trained in how to incorporate Cognitive Behavioral Therapy into the curriculum. By using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy or CBT the student is learning how to control their own behaviors and emotions.This is probably one of the best options for students who have behavioral or emotional problems as it is a way for them to learn how to be able to control things themselves without warnings o r discipline. There are a number of ways that this treatment can be integrated into the classroom. One thing is for sure though that teachers need to be aware of the therapy and how to properly integrate it into the classroom prior to using it in the classroom setting.If they are not competent and they try to use it there are many things that could go wrong and the children could be emotionally damaged in some way as with all therapeutic processes. This subject has been widely researched. â€Å"During the past two decades, researchers have found that cognitive strategies can decrease disruption/aggression and strength pro-social skills† (Daunic, Smith, Brank and Penfield 2006, 123). To better understand the benefits of CBT being integrated into the classroom it would be important to understand some basic facts about CBT.CBT is basically a way of self control where the student is taught how to control their negative behaviors or emotions in order to prevent behavioral issues. Through CBT the student would learn how to understand when they are reaching a point where they are going to react in an inappropriate way and they would be able to monitor themselves and talk themselves down. For younger students this would prove to be more difficult to learn but by learning the process young the students would be able to carry it over into their current lives and how they react in most situations.With this process being taught in the classroom there might even be further benefits in the student’s home and other extracurricular activities as the student would apply some of the same lessons and principles to the situations that they were involved in at these locations. All of these advantages could be gained and getting needed training is not difficult for educators and something that they can discuss with their superiors and school boards. There are other forms of intervention that could be used in the classroom curriculum.With students who are suffering fro m autism there are special skills and curriculums that could be offered to help with their behavioral difficulties. There is a call for a new curriculum that would be an advantage to all students with emotional and behavioral difficulties and not just those who were suffering from autism. For the most part articles that are written on this subject point out that no current curriculum is available for this issue and that there are some key components that would need to be featured if there were to be a curriculum.Of the many key components that would need to be considered one is to â€Å"make the abstract concrete. † Students who are suffering from emotional and behavioral problems often have a hard time being able to understand the abstract thoughts that are often a part of teaching social skills. By making concrete examples that these students can understand there is a higher likelihood that they will apply these principles to their own interactions on a social level. Anothe r area that is needed is â€Å"structure and predictability.† Having a classroom with a set routine is something that is important as when students are taken out of a routine situation they often have anxiety and with behavioral issues anxiety often ends in the student not being able to communicate his or her needs and having a breakdown in the classroom. By having â€Å"engaged transactions† the students would be able to learn what their overall needs were and would be able to practice communication and social skills with one another.Through â€Å"scaffolded language support† the students would be able to work on better using language and communication in a way that all people would understand. â€Å"Multiple and varied learning opportunities† might seem as though it would be repetitive or boring for the students however for students who are suffering from emotional or behavioral problems this might just be exactly what is needed for them to understand. By planning â€Å"’other’ focused activities† in the classroom it would allow the students a break from learning social skills and could promote a better understanding of the skills during future lessons.Looking at â€Å"fostering self awareness and self esteem† is also important as it would show each child that he or she is special and would encourage them to believe in their own self worth. Another area that needs improvement is that the teachers need to focus on having â€Å"select relevant goals. † When teachers try to teach students with emotional or behavioral difficulties too many things it threatens to worsen their condition and can cause them to have multiple additional problems with what they are already having.Some other teaching methods like â€Å"sequential and progressive programming† are also a huge advantage as are â€Å"programmed general and ongoing information. † All of these practices and initiatives can be easily added to most curriculums in the classroom and could really have great advantages to the students who have emotional and behavioral issues (Krasny, Williams, Provencal, and Ozonoff 2003). Benefits to Teachers for Using a Curriculum to Teach Social Skills There are many benefits that can be seen by teachers who are choosing to teach social skills and social skill improvement to students who suffer from emotional and behavioral problems.Some of these are that there is an increased focus on the student being able to perform and being able to interact with others in a positive manner. Through this the student would be able to interact with the teacher in a more positive manner as well. These skills would also help there to be fewer disturbances and disruptions in the classroom which is a great benefit for the teaching in her ability to control her classroom. Benefits to Students for Using a Curriculum to Teach Social Skills There are also many advantages for the students who are working on learning social skills.The students are able to take advantage of these skills and these areas because they are learning how to communicate better with others. Communication is such an important part of our world and the world around us and without communication one would suffer in many areas of life. Also there are valid reasons why friendships can really aid in a student’s overall behavioral and emotional issues and students who have more friends are less likely to have these types of problems. If a student learns these new social skills they are likely to have more friends, do better at home and in school and overall be in trouble less often.Conclusion In conclusion, it is important that teachers be taught the necessary skills needed to integrate certain behaviors into the classroom. The teachers need to be able to integrate programs into their curriculum that will teach students with emotional and behavioral difficulties the much needed social skills. These much neede d social skills will improve the student’s lives in so many ways and will help the students to be able to be better behaved and more successful in a number of areas of their lives. References Daunic, A. P. , Smith, S. W. , Brank, E. M. , and Penfield, R. D. (2006).Classroom-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention to Prevent Aggression: Efficiency and Social Validity, Journal of Social Psychology, 44(2), 123-139. Krasny, L. , Williams, B. J. , Provencal, S. , and Ozonoff, S. (2003). Social Skills Intervention for the Autism Spectrum Essential Ingredients and a Model Curriculum, Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 12(1), 107-122. Vaughn, S. , Sinagub, J. and Kim, A. (2004). Chapter 10 Social Competence/Social Skills of Students with Learning Disabilities: Interventions and Issues, Learning about Learning Disabilities, (3rd ed. ), 341-373.

Free Essays on Emersons Metaphors

Alfonso Emerson’s Metaphors Nature is the primary example of what a human being considers beautiful. Whether it is a glorious landscape, a delicate flower, or the figure of another human being, these natural forms awaken a person’s desires. In Nature, Ralph Waldo Emerson uses metaphor as a rhetorical device to show that every aspect of nature is divine and for man’s use. Firstly, nature is described as ever-changing, perpetually displaying different manifestations of God. Secondly, Emerson shows how certain natural occurrences may be undesirable to one’s own sense of comfort, but can also be interpreted as being beautiful. Finally, man benefits from every part of nature’s cycle. Nature never stays still. The seasons change and generations of species give way to further generations. This is not only true on the broader scale of the whole earth, but even in the microcosm of a single natural habitat. For example, Emerson writes, â€Å"Indeed the river is a perpetual gala, and boasts each month a new ornament† (41). The river bank, being very rich in life, is constantly blooming with different seasonal flora. Each flower, so unique, exhibits vibrant hues of color that no artist can imitate. Indeed, the image of a flower is pleasing to the eye; it is the definition of beauty. Emerson goes on to write: What angels invented these splendid ornaments, these rich conveniences, this ocean of air above, this ocean of water beneath, this firmament of earth between? This zodiac of lights, this tent of dropping clouds, this striped coat of climates, this fourfold year? (38) In this passage, he uses many metaphors to describe parts of nature, such as the air, lights, clouds, climates and seasons. Every one of these aspects, though, is attributed to an invention of angels. He explains how only a divine and celestial being can create these phenomena of such beauty, and he describes them with concrete and abstract metaphors. The hu... Free Essays on Emerson's Metaphors Free Essays on Emerson's Metaphors Alfonso Emerson’s Metaphors Nature is the primary example of what a human being considers beautiful. Whether it is a glorious landscape, a delicate flower, or the figure of another human being, these natural forms awaken a person’s desires. In Nature, Ralph Waldo Emerson uses metaphor as a rhetorical device to show that every aspect of nature is divine and for man’s use. Firstly, nature is described as ever-changing, perpetually displaying different manifestations of God. Secondly, Emerson shows how certain natural occurrences may be undesirable to one’s own sense of comfort, but can also be interpreted as being beautiful. Finally, man benefits from every part of nature’s cycle. Nature never stays still. The seasons change and generations of species give way to further generations. This is not only true on the broader scale of the whole earth, but even in the microcosm of a single natural habitat. For example, Emerson writes, â€Å"Indeed the river is a perpetual gala, and boasts each month a new ornament† (41). The river bank, being very rich in life, is constantly blooming with different seasonal flora. Each flower, so unique, exhibits vibrant hues of color that no artist can imitate. Indeed, the image of a flower is pleasing to the eye; it is the definition of beauty. Emerson goes on to write: What angels invented these splendid ornaments, these rich conveniences, this ocean of air above, this ocean of water beneath, this firmament of earth between? This zodiac of lights, this tent of dropping clouds, this striped coat of climates, this fourfold year? (38) In this passage, he uses many metaphors to describe parts of nature, such as the air, lights, clouds, climates and seasons. Every one of these aspects, though, is attributed to an invention of angels. He explains how only a divine and celestial being can create these phenomena of such beauty, and he describes them with concrete and abstract metaphors. The hu...

Who is La Malinche Professor Ramos Blog

Who is La Malinche Who is La Malinche? La Malinche, also known as   Malintzin, Malinali, or Doà ±a Marina, was a Native American woman. She was born in the late 1400s. Her birth name was Malinali and was born into a noble family in the province of Paynala, at Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz. La Malinche’s father died when she was very young. Her mother married a younger man and had his son thus, she was a stepdaughter. Even if she was the oldest, the inheritance was to go to the boy instead of her. According to the article, Malintzin/La Malinche/Doà ±a Marina: re- reading the myth of the treacherous translator, Marina was given away from her mother to a group of Indians from Xicalango. The group of Xilcalango Indians gave her away to the cacique, â€Å"leader†, of the village of Tabasco. The cacique of Tabasco offered Cortà ©s food, gold, stones, and twenty women, including La Malinche, in exchange for their â€Å"cooperation† with the conquistadors (63). Hernan Cortà ©s was a Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that resulted the fall of the Aztec Empire.   La Malinche was able to speak two languages; Nahuatl and Mayan. Nahuatl was the language she spoke in her hometown. When she became property of the cacique of Tabasco, she learned how to speak Mayan. When she was given to the conquistador Cortà ©s from the cacique of Tabasco, she began to work as an interpreter with Geronimo de Aguilar. Geronimo de Aguilar was a priest and Cortà ©s’ interpreter who spoke Mayan. La Malinche would translate from Nahuatl to Mayan then, the priest would translate Mayan to Spanish. The Spanish baptized La Malinche, changing her religion to Catholicism, and was given a Spanish name, Marina. Cortà ©s used the priest and La Malinche as his interpreters until La Malinche learned Spanish and she became Hernan Cortà ©s’ only interpreter (63). According to the article, The Cholula Massacre, by Christopher Minster,Ph.D., La Malinche became friends with a wife of a high- ranking Cholulan soldier and she warned her   to leave before they attack the Spanish. The woman suggested La Malinche to marry her son after they destroy the Spanish. La Malinche agreed and fled with her to buy time. La Malinche turned her in to Cortà ©s and interrogated her. Cortà ©s was then ready to take action. He gathered all the noblemen of the city of Cholula in a courtyard of the city. In his speech, which was translated by La Malinche, he accused them of treachery. Hernan Cortà ©s ordered his army to attack the unarmed Cholulans. Outside the city of Cholula, the Tlaxcala Indians, (Cortà ©s’ allies) also attacked. Thousands of Cholulans were killed.   According to Christopher Minster, Ph.D., â€Å"many modern Mexicans see Malinche as a great traitor who betrayed her native cultures to the bloodthirsty Spanish invaders.† According to the article, Biography of Malinali, after conquering the empire of Tenochtitlan, Cortà ©s needed La Malinche more than ever. They developed a relationship and she gave birth to his illegitimate son. Cortà ©s named him Martin, after his father. He was known as one of the first mixed, native and European, child to be born. She lived in a house built by Hernan Cortà ©s in the town, Coyoacn. La Malinche and Cortà ©s went on an expedition in Honduras. They left Martin with Cortà ©s’ cousin, Juan Altamirano. After Cortà ©s’ wife came to Mexico from Spain, Cortà ©s encouraged La Malinche to marry one of his Spanish captains named Juan Jaramillo. She never lived with her son and Cortà ©s wanted their son to stay with Altamirano since that was the only home Martin knew. Cortà ©s later took Martin to live with him in Spain. Their son, Martin, was later legitimized by the Pope Clement VII. According to the article, La Malinche: The Shifting Legacy of a Transcultural Icon, La Malinche   played a huge role in the conquest of Mexico. Bernal Diaz del Castillo, a soldier during the conquest of Mexico under Hernan Cortà ©s’ command, wrote a compilation of his memories known as, Historia Verdadera de la Conquista de la Nueva Espaà ±a. Bernal Diaz is one of the first early colonial writers to portray a woman as an important figure in history in Spains conquest. Bernal Diaz referred to her as Doà ±a Marina, meaning Lady Marina. According to Bernal Diaz del Castillo, â€Å"sin ir Doà ±a Marina no podà ­amos entender la lengua de la Nueva Espaà ±a y Mà ©xico†. (Without Doà ±a Marina we would not understand the â€Å"tongue† of New Spain and Mexico). According to the book, La Malinche in Mexican Literature: From History to Myth, Cortà ©s only mentioned La Malinche twice in his letters and once by name (26).   He referred to her as â€Å"Marinaâ⠂¬  and not â€Å"Doà ±a Marina† as Bernal Diaz del Castillo referred to her. Diaz del Castillo referred to her as â€Å"Doà ±a Marina† out of respect for her as Cortà ©s’ interpreter. Cortà ©s didn’t give much credit to La Malinche because he wanted to take sole credit for the Conquest. He did not give much credit to his soldiers either. Cortà ©s was also referred to â€Å"Malinche† by the Indians. It meant, â€Å"the captain of marina† (27). She always accompanied him to all the meetings with ambassadors and chiefs, they were both called â€Å"Malinche.† In the article, After 500 years, Cortess girlfriend is not forgiven, by Clifford Krauss, Krauss says that if the government made the house into a museum it would be insulting. Rina Lazo, a muralist who lives at La Malinche’s residence, said, â€Å"For Mexico to make this house a museum would be like the people of Hiroshima creating a monument for the man who dropped the atomic bomb.† In 1982, a statue of La Malinche, Hernan Cortà ©s, and their son, was placed in the plaza of Coyoacn. It was built as a tribute to mixed Native and Spanish descendants. Many people were upset and began to protest to have it taken down. the protesters won, and they had the statue moved to the national park of Xicotà ©ncatl. The park is small and hard to find. It was placed there, for it to be forgotten.                                                                            Cypess, Sandra Messinger. La Malinche in Mexican Literature: from History to Myth. University of Texas, 1991. Dà ­az del Castillo, Bernal. Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva Espaà ±a.   Linkgua, 2007. Godayol, Pilar. â€Å"Malintzin/La Malinche/ Doà ±a Marina: Re-Reading the Myth of the Treacherous Translator.† Journal of Iberian Latin American Studies, vol. 18, no. 1, Apr. 2012, pp.61-76. EBSCOhost, http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=4sid=79cb1f65-61de-41ec-ad99-a0ea574e9df7%40sdc-v-sessmgr04. Krauss, Clifford. â€Å"After 500 Years, Cortes’s Girlfriend Is Not Forgiven.† New York Times, vol. 146, no. 50743, 26 Mar. 1997, p. A4. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=a9hAN=9704161424site=ehost-live. Minster, Christopher. Biography of Malinali. ThoughtCo, Jul. 5, 2018, https://www.thoughtco.com/biography-of-malinche-2136516. Minster, Christopher. The Cholula Massacre. ThoughtCo, Jun. 14, 2018, https://www.thoughtco.com/the-cholula-massacre-2136527 Tate, Julee. â€Å"La Malinche: The Shifting Legacy of a Transcultural Icon.† Latin Americanist, vol. 61, no. 1, Mar. 2017, pp. 81–92. EBSCOhost, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/tla.12102.                                              IMAGE SOURCE https://lucypopescu.wordpress.com/2009/08/02/malinchismo/ https://aubreyroseheth.tumblr.com/ http://queaprendemoshoy.com/la-malinche-interprete-de-la-ambicion-de-cortes/

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A HOLISTIC NATIONAL MARITIME POLICY FOR SAUDI Essay

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A HOLISTIC NATIONAL MARITIME POLICY FOR SAUDI ARABIA - Essay Example Within this context, the first part of this paper analyzes contemporary international trends in marine policy; exploring this concept of a holistic approach to ocean governance and policy that has been established by international organizations, academia and specialists. The second part analyzes national and regional experiences, prospects and emerging practices with respect to the development of an integrated ocean policy. The third section of the paper examines the current management of maritime affairs in Saudi Arabia and explores how Saudi Arabia can work towards the development of a sustainable, holistic and integrated national maritime policy as part of a conceptually similar overarching marine policy. The paper concludes by showing that Saudi Arabia needs to develop an integrated national maritime policy which incorporates all aspects of the sector and enables a unified set of decision makers to coordinate activities and policies for the greater good of the maritime sector and Saudi Arabia. By so doing, Saudi Arabia can seize the very real opportunity that exists to ensure its long-term success as a nation whose fortunes are very much dependant on the seaways it controls. There is global concern about the impact that industry has on the world's oceans and how to support development of oceans and coasts without destroying the resources available. ... Since then interest in resources has been governed by this "constitution for the Oceans" (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2007). Contemporary trends have recognized that the current situation is one of unsustainable usage of the world's oceans and that a holistic approach to ocean usage would encourage sustainable usage of these resources. This paper addresses this potential. The "Rio Earth Summit" of 1992 addressed issues and challenges related to sustainable development at the global level. Chapter 17 of Agenda 21 called for new and integrated approaches to the sustainable development of oceans and coasts. There has since emerged an international trend towards the adoption of new approaches to marine policy based on a holistic, integrated and sustainable management of ocean resources at regional and national levels. Within this context, the first part of this paper analyzes contemporary international trends in marine policy; exploring this concept of a holistic approach to ocean governance and policy that has been established by international organizations, academia and specialists. The second part analyzes national and regional experiences, prospects and emerging practices with respect to the development of an integrated ocean policy. The third section of the paper examines the current management of maritime affairs in Saudi Arabia and explores how Saudi Arabia can work towards the development of a sustainable, holistic and integrated national maritime policy as part of a conceptually similar overarching marine policy. I. International Framework for Ocean Governance. Contemporary international trends in marine policy are leaning toward global governance of marine resources. The primary agent for governance is the United Nations. Policies

Adult Learning Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Adult Learning Theory - Assignment Example This theory carries with it some assumptions about self-concept, experience, readiness, motivation, and, orientation to learning as well as relevance. These assumptions give the individuals a chance to take the initiative, with or without the help of others to diagnose their needs in learning, formulate them, identify human and material resources for learning, preferring and putting into practice appropriate learning strategies as well as evaluating the outcomes (Brookfield, 2005). This is what differs with the learning of children due to the fact that the characters portrayed in this theory, such as self-reliance cannot be present in childhood learning as it requires a lot of guidance from teachers or instructors depending with the kind of teaching they are going through (Hall, et al., 2004). I recall my recent workshop training on the importance of adult learning based on â€Å"learning the new electronic medical record’ in all in the medical fraternity. The workshop had come up to encourage most of the hospitals to come up with an adult learning session so as to improve the mode of working for its members. During, the experiences there was the principle of adult learning the entails practice and problem centred where people were taught how to insert a chip under the skin of the patient so as to come up with all the health issues that are affecting the patients, thus encouraging the keeping of health records. There was the use of collaborative, authentic problem-solving activities such as understanding what to do especially when some or all the gadgets were not working (Hohler, 2003). By giving new ideas and offering suggestions through the discussions that were held. This learning experience brought to light the importance of positive self-esteem especially based on the kind of profession that was on hand. It emphasized the importance that individual being more effective and confident through practice and establishing routines and self-set goals ensuring that they are met at all cost. New ideas were also incorporated in relation to the previous experience that was gained with the help of the of the days topic.